János Weissengruber, Confessed CIA agent in Hungary in 1951 ©

 On 23 December 1951, Radio Budapest announced the arrest of four men. The leader of the group was listed as János Weissengruber, who apparently admitted that he had been trained by American intelligence in Salzburg in secret writing and use of weapons.   

The Director CIA wrote in his Daily Log on 26 December 1951 that Weissengruber was an agent of the CIA’s Office of Special Operations (OSO):

The Hungarian announcement on 23 December that 4 U.S. intelligence agents have been arrested in Hungary identifies 2 by name. Weissengruber is an OSO agent run by the Salzburg base who entered Hungary on 15 October. Baranyi is one of the agent prospects he was to recruit. OSO surmises that the other 2 may be another Salzburg agent, who accompanied Weissengruber, and a second prospective recruit. 

The damage to future Hungarian operations by the compromise of Salzburg facilities is being assessed but is not believed to be critical. The human smuggler who assisted the agents to enter Hungary and might have betrayed them will be thoroughly interrogated and checked by the polygraph.

 

Newspapers in the United States published details of the case.

 

Hungary Arrests Four Others On Charges Of Spying BUDAPEST. Hungary, Dec. 22 (UP) The Hungarian government, prepared to try four American airmen aa border violators, announced tonight the arrest of four other persons on charges of spying for the United States. The state security office said the leader of the spy suspects was Janos Weissengruber. a Hungarian laboratory researcher who escaped to Austria last January. 

 

The announcement regarding Weissengruber said that, while he was in Austria, a former Hungarian "fascist Gendarme Colonel" named Nagy had persuaded him to get basic training as a spy and return to Hungary. It added that Weissengruber had Joined various training camps in Austria and the American occupation zone of Germany, including those at Salzburg and Bad Reichenhall headed by U. S. Army officers. 

 

The announcement said Weissengruber had made a confession covering those points. The announcement reported these details: Weissengruber returned to Hungary last October, and got in touch with Bela Baranyai, a radio mechanic (and presumably one of the three associates arrested with him). With Baranyai's help, he set up a radio transmitter to communicate with their "superiors" outside the country and organized persons willing to help American agents and to commit criminal activities. The group's task was to find suitable places in Hungary for parachuting agents from planes. A submachinegun, pistols, poison, maps.10.000 florins ($830) and 1000 Austrian shillings ($47.50) were found with Weissengruber when he was arrested. 

 

The announcement falls in a pattern of accusations against the United States from Communist nations In recent weeks. Hungary and others In the Red bloc have made several announcements of purported spying activities on behalf of the United States, apparently to bolster Soviet charges in the United Nations that the United States is financing "traitors" under the mutual security act. The U. N. rejected the charges. Russia broadcast Wednesday a statement that two men with the Slavic names of A. I. Osmanov and F K. Sarantsev had been executed as saboteur spies parachuted into Russia after training in West Germany. The State Department reported it had never heard of the men. Romania protested last week that two saboteurs had been parachuted into that country from an American plane on Oct. 18. The Romanian note said they confessed. It demanded 'punishment of those responsible.”

When Golf Legends Palmer and Nicklaus Played for Radio Free Europe ©

Professional Gold legend Arnold Palmer (1929-2016) died September 25, 2016, at age 87

 

What is not generally known is that just over 50 years earlier (September 8, 1966), he and Jack Nicklaus (another Golf legend) played an exhibition round of golf at the Wilmington Country Club (WCC) South Course in Wilmington, Delaware, on behalf of Radio Free Europe (RFE). The exhibition had been arranged by the Delaware Committee of the Radio Free Europe Fund (RFEF) as part of its fund-raising drive in 1966. 

 

There was a press conference on June 1, 1966, to announce the golf exhibition. Participating in the press conference were 

 

·      Crawford H. Greenwalt, board chairman Du Pont Company and 1966 RFEF National Chairman

·      Robert A. Short, State Insurance Commissioner, Delaware RFEF co-chairman

·      Thomas B. Evans, Jr. a Wilmington insurance executive, Delaware RFEF co-chairman.

 

Greenwalt said, “The radio network broadcasts to the five countries of Eastern Europe and is a private, non-profit organization. RFE is believed by and has great influence with the people of Eastern Europe because it is not associated with any government.” 

 

Before the match, there was a $100-a-plate luncheon. At 1:30 PM, Palmer and Nicklaus gave a 30-minute golf "clinic" to the assembled guests. 1,500 spectators purchased a ticket for $10 for the 2PM match. 

 

Delaware RFE co-chairmen Evans and Short sent an invitation to C. Rodney Smith, Vice President of Free Europe Inc., in which they wrote, “We are having a luncheon for a limited number of people prior to the golf game, which will be attended by Palmer and Nicklaus, along with some other interesting personalities. We would like you to be our guest for lunch and, or course, the exhibition itself.”Smith agreed and attended both the luncheon and exhibiton.

The match was held on the WCC South Course, with Palmer teamed with Delaware State Amateur Champion Roy Marquette. Jack Nicklaus was team up with another famed amateur golfer William (Bill) Hyndman III, from Philadelphia, who had participated in 15 National Amateur Golf Championships. Nicklaus shot a course-tying record of 69; Palmer shot 71; Marquette shot 73; and Hyndman shot 75. The Morning News newspaper edition of September 9, 1966, carried a photo in the "sports" section that showed the 1,500 spectators crowding around the first green. 

 

RFE Vice President C. Rodney Smith wrote a thank you letter to Arnold Palmer, which in part read: “Please accept my sincere thanks and appreciation for so generously giving a full day of your time to the RFE cause, right in the midst of your currently pressing schedule. All of us present enjoyed your friendly personality, which added all the more to your superb way with those gold sticks. Your exhibition practice shots as well as your match play were an impressive demonstration of control, form, accuracy and distance.”

 

C. Rodney Smith sent a letter to Jack Nicklaus, in which he wrote: I well know the pressing demands constantly being made on your time and good nature. Your willingness to give a full day to the RFE cause is thus all the more meaningful … [Y]our convincing words in support of the work Radio Free Europe is doing were greatly appreciated.”

 

After the match, C. Rodney Smith wrote a thank-you letter to the Delaware Committee Co-Chairmen, in which he said, “ The turnout for both the lunch and the golf exhibition and the newspaper and radio coverage were all amazingly good. It was a good illustration of how effective an imaginative idea can be when so well executed. The wider knowledge about Radio Free Europe, as well as the financial support, generated by the lunch and exhibition with their attendant publicity is very valuable to us. The interest in RFE and East Europe displayed by the newsmen was impressive….It was a genuine pleasure to meet both of you and your distinguished guests, and to get to see Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus in action. Their pre-match demonstration shots as well as their play on the course were something to watch. Those two have personalities to match their professional golfing abilities".

 

Delaware RFEF Committee Co-chairman Thomas B. Evans, in a letter to C. Rodney Smith, wrote, “ Your presence added a great deal to the occasion and the members of the press and radio were particularly impressed with what you had to say. Jack Nicklaus and Arnold Palmer both said it was as an enjoyable an exhibition as they had ever played in.”

Reportedly, the exhibition match raised $8,200 to help support Radio Free Europe. The 1965 Delaware fund raising campaign resulted in $3,500 in private contributions for RFE. Coincidentally, Nicklaus and Palmer each received $3,500 for their participation in the match. 

A New Book of Interest: New Book of Interest: Spymaster: The Memoirs of Gordon M. Stewart, CIA Station Chief in Cold War Germany

 

New Book of Interest: Spymaster: The Memoirs of Gordon M. Stewart, CIA Station Chief in Cold War Germany

De Gruyter Publishers 2024

From the publisher:

For over two decades, Gordon M. Stewart guided CIA operations in Cold War Germany. As chief of the agency’s largest worldwide station, he hunted Nazi war criminals, sent spies into the Soviet bloc, and recruited sources inside the West German government. His memoirs, introduced by renowned intelligence scholar Thomas Boghardt, offer a fascinating inside look at the epicenter of Cold War espionage and the career of a most accomplished CIA officer. 

 

Endorsements:

“The long overdue – and utterly fascinating – memoirs of one of the most important American intelligence officers of the early Cold War period, with a masterful introduction by Thomas Boghardt. This is essential reading for anyone hoping to gain an intimate view of the CIA at its inception – or who simply loves a good spy story!” Scott Anderson, author of The Quiet Americans: Four CIA Spies at the Dawn of the Cold War: A Tragedy in Three Acts.

“Gordon Stewart is one of the most important and least well-known Americans who helped shape postwar Germany. In this revealing memoir, masterfully edited and introduced by Thomas Boghardt, Stewart’s guidance and leadership of the CIA comes to life. This book is a critical contribution to our understanding of the Cold War and the role of intelligence in U.S. diplomacy.”  Thomas A. Schwartz, author of Henry Kissinger and American Power: A Political Biography.

“Revealing without being sensational, this is a delightful memoir by a thoughtful, modest, principled man – an American George Smiley, you might say. The book benefits both from careful editing and from an excellent and well-written introduction by the intelligence historian Thomas Boghardt.” Adam Sisman, author of John le Carré: The Biography.

“Gordon Stewart is a hidden hero of the early CIA. Chief of its largest spy station,he takes us on a remarkable journey from hunting Nazi fugitives to a subterranean battle beneath Berlin. Spymaster is an essential contribution to Cold War history and a must-read for all those interested in the world of espionage.”–Richard J. Aldrich, author of GCHQ.

“Gordon Stewart was present at the creation and height of the U.S. intelligence effort in Cold War Europe. Superbly edited by Thomas Boghardt, Stewart’s memoirs shed new light on the CIA’s hidden history.”–Christian F. Ostermann, author of Between Containment and Rollback: The United States and the Cold War in Germany(2021)  

From the Introduction by Thomas Boghardt:

„Germany was the epicenter of the Cold War. Across the Iron Curtain, hundreds of thousands of soldiers faced each other, and if World War III were to break out, contemporaries surmised, it would happen here. The country’s frontline status made it an El Dorado for spies, who gathered information on military targets, penetrated local governments, and conducted covert operations. For the Americans, the newly established Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) came to take the lead in this silent–and sometimes not so silent–contest. In the heyday of the Cold War, the agency employed roughly 1,700 personnel in West Germany and Berlin, making it the largest overseas station in the world. Ultimately, this far-flung apparatus reported to the CIA station chief in West Germany and his deputy. For many years, either of those positions was held by Gordon Matthews Stewart.“

 

A New Book of Interest: Cold War Europe: A Space of Communication

A new book of interest

Cold War Europe: A Space of Communication 

Edited by Tobias Nanz and Hedwig Wagner 

Contents

Introduction

I Infrastructure 

Joanna Walewska-Choptiany, Wired Radio Spreads its Tentacles over the Country: The Development of a Wired Radio System in Post-War Poland  

Tobias Nanz, European Crisis Communication: British and French Hotlines to Moscow as Means of 

Disruption 

Hedwig Wagner, (Telecommunication) Satellites – Celestial and Terrestrial Concepts of Europe 

Johannes Pause , Stories of Rescue and Sacrifice: Cold War Cinema and the Arctic Imaginary 

II Broadcasting 

Luciana Radut-Gaghi. Radio Free Europe and Radio France Internationale: The Tones of Democracy and the Voices of Exiles  

Thomas Wegener Friis and Nils Abraham, Creating an Alternative Public: Socialist Media and its Followers during the Cold War 

Will Studdert, “Refined and Experienced Opponents?”: The BBC’s German East Zone Programme in the Cold War 

Anna Mazurkiewicz and Anna Podciborska, “I Wanted to Know the Truth”: Listeners to Western Radio Broadcasts in Poland during the Cold War: A Pilot Study

  

III Circulation of European Ideas, 

Bauer and Iulia-Karin Patrut, A Romanian Renegade: The Case of Petru Dumitriu, 

Joanna Nowicki, “Fifteen Minutes with Jacek Kaczmarski” on Radio Free Europe (1983–1995): A Voice 

Impossible to Scramble 

Joanna Szylko-Kwas, “A Window onto the World”? On European Themes Presented in the Polish Przekrój Weekly Magazine  

Camelia Beciu and Dana Popescu-Jourdy, Media and Catastrophic Events during the Cold War: Between Ideological Borders and Solidarity  

A Cold War Latvian Martyr: Leonid Zariņš ©

Leonid Nikolayevich Zariņš was born on 28 August 1927, in Priehule, Latvia. 

Along with his family, Leonīd Zariņš arrived in Germany as a “displaced person” in 1944.

He graduated from the Ausekls Latvian Gymnasium in Augsburg, a Hochfeld Baltic refugee camp. After graduating (1947), Leonīd studied mechanics and electrical engineering at the Baltic University in Pinneberg. H received a Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) scholarship to attend Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. Zariņš received a B.S. degree in electrical engineering in 1951. 

He then joined the Bell Telephone Laboratory. In the same year, Leonīd sent a letter to U.S. President Truman based on a university course paper documenting the brutal actions of the Russian occupying power against the Baltics. He urged the United States to actively support anti-Soviet underground activities in the USSR, especially among non-Russian peoples. A copy of the letter somehow was sent to the CIA. The original spotting and preliminary CIA assessment began in the latter part of 1951 and continued through 1952. He entered CIA training at the end of 1952. 

After about 20 weeks of intensive training in the USA and a short rest, Leonīds Zariņš was taken to West Germany in preparation for his dispatch to Latvia. After further training, on 16 May 1953, he was parachuted near Auce. On 22 May, Zariņš met CIA parachuted agent Edvin Ozolins at the corner of Lenin and Karl Marx Streets in Riga and handed over 25,000 rubles. After an overnight stay in the Ozolin apartment in the Arkadia Park area, Zariņš was arrested on the street the next day. After a trial in Moscow, Zariņš was sentenced to death on 3 August 1954 in Butirk Prison. 

In Prison

Ozolins was later identified as a double agent for the Soviets with the code name "Pilot." One CIA report concluded: “Zariņš was infiltrated into Latvian SSR in May 1953 by means of an air dispatch. No communication from him or information concerning him has ever been received and it is presumed that he met his death immediately subsequent to dispatch. His parents, who have moved to Norway, were informed of Zarin’s death, and his benefits and effects have been transmitted to them. An appropriate cover and legend was devised and utilized for their benefit: he died while employed at the Bell Laboratory.” 

However, in 1977, Leonīd  Zariņš was reported to be still imprisoned in a camp in Siberia. His sister, a physician in Berlin, Germany, heard about her brother periodically over the years and was the source of the information that he was still alive. One CIA officer wrote, “Zariņš appears to hold the sad record of having spent more time in prison than any other CIA agent. He certainly deserves consideration as a part of any exchange arrangement which may be proposed to the Soviets.

The top line of the Zariņš' memorial stone above is a quote from a Latvian patriotic poem, "The Trumpeter of Talava. It says, "My gold is my country." The hero proclaims it as he chooses death over the offer of a bribe of gold to betray a castle where the enemy who accosted him is heading. Before being killed, he just has time to blow a warning on his trumpet, and the castle is saved. The stone goes on:

 

To the Patriot

Leonīd  Zariņš

 

Who parachuted into Kuzeme in 1953

Born 1927 in Priekule. Shot in 1954.

 

And to all those who came from the West

in the cause of Latvian freedom and perished

in the war against occupation.

 

The former staff of the Augsburg Latvian High School

Senator Joe Biden and his Defense of Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty

When Senator Joe Biden came to the defense of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

N.Y. Times News Service November 1993

US - SENATORS BATTLE OVER FOREIGN BROADCAST CUTS

WASHINGTON; - A plan to consolidate U.S. international broadcasting operations, touted by the Clinton administration as a step toward streamlining the government, seems to be coming apart. 

The main element of the package presented last June by President Clinton envisioned combining the Voice of America with Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, the stations based in Munich that broadcast to the Soviet Union and its European satellites starting in the early 1950s. 

Under the plan, elimination of overlapping broadcasts and consolidation of transmitters and administrative staffs were seen as saving about $250 million over the next four years. 

The plan's hard-won compromise, placing the Munich stations under an independent broadcasting authority to be housed in the U.S. Information Agency, together with the Voice of America, also seemed to pacify a powerful conservative lobby bent on preserving Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. 

But in a July hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Sen. Joseph R. Biden, D-Del., said that the Munich stations should remain "independent corporate entities." He also said a Radio Free Asia should be created as an independent station to broadcast to China, parallel to Voice of America. 

Administration officials say they are mystified by Biden's insistence on "independence" for the Munich stations and for a Radio Free Asia, which would still be federally financed under his proposals. 

Biden threatened to filibuster for the first time in his 20 years in the Senate, saying that if he is not satisfied, "I will go and make my case on the floor to knock out the whole reorganizational structure." At stake were not only the consolidation of government broadcasting operations, but also the entire Foreign Relations Authorization Act under which the State Department, as well as the U.S. Information Agency, are financed. 

The administration submitted a compromise proposal this week to Biden under which the Munich radios could keep their separate status, technically as private corporations receiving government financing. 

In an interview, Biden said: "It's resolved between the president and me. It is going exactly where I want it to go." 

The Report of The President's Committee on International Information Activities, June 30,1953

The Report of The President's Committee on International

Information Activities, June 30,1953, 

 

Excerpts

 

Radio Free Europe

 

The National Committee for a Free Europe (NCFE) was created by CIA in 1949 with the following purposes:

 

        1. to create an institution in which the emigres from the satellite nations could find employment which would utilize their skills and, at the same time, document for the world at large the actions of the satellite governments and Soviet Russia;

        2. to utilize the political figures of such emigrations as rallying points and as symbols of unified opposition to communism in this country and abroad;

        3. to relieve the Department of State of the need to deal with emigre political leaders whom they could not endorse as "Governments in Exile" at a time when the United States officially recognized the satellite governments; and

        4. generally to "aid the non-fascist, non-communist leaders in their peaceful efforts to prepare the way toward the restoration in Eastern Europe of the social, political, and religious liberties, in which they and we believe."

                   

The bulk of available evidence indicates that RFE is widely heard, particularly in its three primary target areas, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland, and that its programs are well received by its audience. 

        

In the original plan the various national councils were to be responsible for broadcasts over RFE facilities to their respective countries. Since the complexities and rivalries of émigré politics made the organization of national councils difficult, it was decided to set up RFE on a  non-political basis. Emigre staffs were hired for competence rather than political affiliation and programs to various countries are now identified as the Voice of Free Czechoslovakia, Poland, and so on. Although this reason for the national councils no longer exists, they do have potential value in exile relations. If the emigre leaders are prepared to create national councils of their own volition, NCFE should assist them to engage in such propaganda activities as they may be qualified to conduct. Primary attention, however, should be given to the broadcasting phase of NCFE activities. 

        

Certain specific problems arise in connection with NCFE activities, particularly RFE. There is first the question of cover. It has been suggested that, because the present cover has worn thin, RFE's official connections be freely admitted. Such a course, however, would vitiate the principal reason for the existence of RFE as a separate organization. So long as its government connections are not officially admitted it can broadcast programs and take positions for which the United States would not desire to accept responsibility. The Committee believes that the present cover is adequate for this purpose.

 

The American Committee for Liberation from Bolshevism, Inc. 

 

The Committee was founded in 1951 for the purpose of attempting to utilize the forces of the Soviet emigration against the Soviet regime. The Committee is under CIA sponsorship and guidance, and has not attempted to raise funds publicly, which would assist in providing plausible cover for its activities. Policy has been determined in close coordination with the Department of State. 

 

The American Committee has assumed that the most effective propaganda against the Soviet regime can be conducted by former Soviet nationals speaking in the name of a united emigration. Proceeding on this assumption, a great deal of time and effort has been expended in attempting to bring together in one political center the diverse political groups existing in the emigration, which themselves have no leader of recognized stature. 

 

The difficulties in the way of accomplishing this aim are twofold: first, the extreme hostility existing between Great Russian groups and those composed of the various non-Russian peoples of the Soviet Union; and second, basic political differences between Marxist and non-Marxist elements in the emigration, regardless of nationality. After long and arduous negotiations, agreement was finally reached in October, 1952, for the formation of a coordinating center composed of four Great Russian and five nationality groups. The entire right wing of the Great Russian emigration and such important minority groups as the Ukrainians and Byelorussians have thus far held aloof. 

 

It is the declared purpose of the American Committee to proceed with propaganda activities utilizing the present coordinating center, and to attempt gradually to broaden the base of the center by the inclusion of additional groups as circumstances permit. Activities of the center include Radio Liberation, a Russian-language station which went on the air from Munich on March 1, 1953, broadcasting initially to Soviet occupation forces in Germany and Austria, 

 

The results to date have not been noteworthy. Undoubtedly more rapid progress could have been made if the idea of a political center had been abandoned and activities on the RFE pattern begun without regard to political considerations. From the outset there have been many advocates of such a course who argued that the whole history of the Russian emigration since 1917 has demonstrated the futility of attempting to persuade its diffuse elements to coalesce in a common undertaking. The prevailing view, however, has been that the psychological impact of a united voice of the Soviet emigration would so much outweigh that of a station under transparent foreign control that the time and effort expended on the formation of a coordinating center were justified. 

 

In a situation short of war the project can probably make its greatest contribution by de-emphasizing its political activities and devoting its major effort to the improvement of broadcasts from Radio Liberation. This station should use Soviet émigrés in an effort to weaken the Soviet regime and should concentrate on the Soviet military, government officials, and other groups in the population which harbor major grievances against the regime. Present plans call for the provision of new transmitting facilities in Spain. It is important that these or other facilities be developed in order to enable Radio Liberation to reach a wide audience within the Soviet Union. 

 

Pending a final determination of its effectiveness, we believe that the activities of the American Committee should be continued. Because results can be expected in the immediate future only from broadcasting, however, it is recommended that major attention should be concentrated on Radio Liberation. Expenditures on the coordinating center can be reduced but should be maintained at a level adequate to keep the organization in being, without active efforts to broaden the base of the center. If through the efforts of the present membership of the center additional émigré groups can be persuaded to participate, such moves should receive the encouragement and support of the Committee. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Radio Free Europe and Nazi and Axis Collaborators ©

 

On 28 June 1985, the U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) released a report Nazi And Axis Collaborators Were Used To Further U.S. Anti—Communist Objectives In Europe -- Some Immigrated To The United States.

The GAO reviewed the backgrounds of 114 persons and identified five “with undesirable or questionable backgrounds who were employed by U.S. intelligence agencies and who received some form of assistance to immigrate to the United States.” The GAO report concluded: ”GAO did not find evidence of any U.S. agency program to aid Nazis or, Axis collaborators to immigrate to the United States. However, GAO did identify five Nazis or Axis collaborators with undesirable or questionable backgrounds who received some individual assistance in their U.S. immigration. Two of them were subsequently protected from investigation. GAO cannot be sure that it obtained all relevant information or identified all Nazis or Axis collaborators whom U.S. agencies helped to immigrate. “

Radio Free Europe and to a lesser extent Radio Liberty were mentioned in various parts of  the report. According to the GAO report, "In 1954, in response to numerous allegations about the backgrounds of employees of Radio Free Europe and another project, the CIA initiated an internal review of these OPC-initiated projects. An internal review committee investigated were, among other things, communists and/or any other controversial émigrés. 13 employees were terminated. One of the 13 employees had been alleged to be pro-Nazi and another a Nazi collaborator."

OPC was the CIA's Office of Policy Coordination.

The GAO report did not list the individuals of interest by name but by letters. “Subject B” of the report was Stanislas Stankevich, a freelancer for the Byelorussian broadcast service of Radio Liberty. During WWII he was mayor of the town of Borisov in Byelorussia, 1941-44, and he was given the nickname "Butcher of Borisov" for his alleged collaboration with the Germans in extermination of the Jews in that area. He went to Berlin in August 1944 and worked for the German Ministry for the East until March 1945. In 1947, he was denounced as a “war criminal” in the U.N. General Assembly. 

Even with that background, he still immigrated to the United States because, in part, "About 1951, his subject was approached in the U.S. zone of Germany by a Soviet agent, who attempted to recruit him. He reported this approach to a U.S. intelligence agency and assisted that agency in the Soviet agent’s eventual apprehension and conviction. For his actions, the intelligence agency assisted him in immigrating to the United States several years later. Before and after his immigration, he was employed on a project that was financed and supervised by another U.S. intelligence agency." 

On July 2, 1985, Radio Moscow, Domestic Service, broadcast a brief announcement about the GAO report. This brief broadcast mentioned one Stanislav Sankevich (as reported) who "has found a place in the American subversive ideological center Radio Liberty." 

Stankevich died in December 1980. 

Ferenc Koreh – “A lifetime of Propaganda” 

A 2006 Department of Justice report contained some details about the denaturalization case against Hungarian-born Ferenc Koreh in chapter five: "There is a measure of irony in the prosecution of Ferenc Koreh for his propagandist activities on behalf of the Nazis in that once he emigrated, Koreh devoted himself to propaganda on behalf of the United States. In the United States, Koreh inveighed against Communism; as a Nazi propagandist, he incited the populace to revile innocent civilians and urged the government to promote policies of discrimination and subjugation." 

From 1941 to 1944, Koreh was an editor for a “pro-Axis” private newspaper and responsible for “writing, reading and editing articles, meeting with government officials to discuss the paper's content, publishing news stories received from the government, and assuring that the government's political policy was reflected in the paper.” In 1944, he was worked in the Hungarian Ministry of Propaganda as the Press Information Officer and Deputy Director of the Information Section. After World War Two, he was convicted in Budapest of “war crimes.” In 1950, Koreh immigrated to the USA without mentioning his work at the Ministry of Propaganda and became a US citizen in 1956. From 1951 to 1974, he worked full-time for Radio Free Europe and freelanced after 1989. 

His citizenship was revoked in 1994, and a deportation action was filed against him. Koreh admitted responsibility for publishing anti-Semitic articles, conceded his deportability and designated Hungary as the country to which he should be sent. On January 13, 1997, he was ordered deported but with the agreement not to affect the order unless Koreh's health improved. It did not, and he died on April 1, 1997, at age 87. 

Evgeny Georgievich Golubev: The CIA’s Frustrated Frogman in the Early Cold War, Part Two ©

In mid-June 1952, Golubev was taken from Yokohama to an island 25 kilometers away. He and Ogden lived in tents on the island for about two months. All this time, he was engaged in physical training and practicing practical techniques associated with dispatching into Soviet territory and conducting subversive work in the USSR. He was periodically taken out into the open sea at 700-1000 meters from the beach, launched into the water in a swimming suit on a rubber raft, and offered to independently get to the beach, from where, in the course of training, he kept radio contact with the boat, and then returned to it. 

During the night of August 17-18, 1952, Golubev disembarked from a speedboat about 700 meters on the southern coast of Sakhalin near the village of Kuznetsovo. His tasks were to 

·       photograph objects on the coast in the area of the Kuznetsovo settlement; 

·       recruit an agent for subsequent use by American intelligence against the USSR; 

·       obtain Soviet documents, including passports, party, Komsomol, military cards, and various certificates. 

Golubev possessed two waterproof bags, two radios that worked on different frequencies, a rich set of chemicals, painkillers (morphine derivatives, sleeping pills, poisons of both instant and delayed action), 25,000 rubles in small banknotes, 100,000 rubles in large denomination bills, and 25 gold "ducats" from royal coins. He also had two submachine guns and three combat knives, one of which had a serrated blade. In addition, he was given fictitious documents in the name of Vorobyov. Golubev was now tasked with: 

·       infiltrating the vicinity of the Chelyabinsk-40 nuclear plant; 

·       conducting surveillance of the facility; 

·       obtaining documents from the soldiers guarding the closed city; and 

·       collecting and storing water and soil samples outside the protected perimeter. 

Golubev was expected to stay on Soviet territory for two or three days. He was then to use his radio to contact the American intelligence center in Japan, report on the completion of the mission, call for an American boat to enter Soviet territorial waters, and return him to Japan. 

Soviet border guards arrested him immediately after arriving on the beach. He was still wearing the wet suit with a mask and fins. 

On December 26, 1952, Golubev was interrogated from 2 AM to 6 AM, during which he admitted everything. He was then flown to Moscow for further interrogation. On December 30, 1952, a copy of the interrogation was sent to Joseph Stalin, who wrote on the first page, “Read.” 

Golubev was subsequently found guilty in a closed trial and sentenced to death. In January 1960, the Soviet Information Bureau in Moscow published a propaganda book, Caught in the Act: A Collection of Facts on U.S. Espionage and Other Subversive Activities Against the USSR. The book listed 23 Western agents who infiltrated the Soviet Union from August 1951 to June 1959 on 14 missions. Names and details were given, including that of Golubev. The photograph above is from the book with this caption: “To overcome water obstacles, American intelligence supplied spies thrown into the territory of the USSR with swimming suits. Such a suit was seized from agent Golubev.” 

The Chicago Tribune national syndicated columnist Don Oberdorfer wrote a book review published in newspapers throughout the United States in May 1961. He included the Golubev story: “They say ‘frogman’ E.G. Golubev swam from a high-speed launch to the beach of Soviet-held Sakhalin Island near Japan on August 17, 1952.” 

Evgeny Georgievich Golubev: The CIA’s Frustrated Frogman in the Early Cold War, Part One ©

ByRichardH. Cummings onAugus t22, 2022

On July 24, 1951, the CIA’s Project Approval Board approved Project WSBAKERY and notified the Far Eastern Branch:

The object of this project is the establishment of two reception and training centers, one within the continental limits of the United States and a second in a more forward area (possibly Alaska or the Aleutians) for the reception training and forward movement of selected Russian agents to be employed in Far Eastern operations presumably Eastern and Northern Siberia.

The Board has been impressed with the thoroughness and careful thought embodied in WSBAKERY. The Board is also most strongly of the opinion that no effort should be spared in developing early penetration of Communist Russian territory and that Siberia provides a hitherto little developed but potentially fruitful field for such operations.

WSBAKERY was then integrated into Basic Plan AEACRE in February 1952. Basic Plan AEACRE was to “provide for the establishment of a Domestic Operations Base in or near Washington for the interrogation, assessment, training, briefing, and preparation for dispatch of agents for infiltration into the USSR.”

One agent selected for agent penetration training was Evgeny Georgievich Golubev, a Russian national born in 1923 in Kizlyar, Grozny region, USSR. In June 1947, Golubev deserted the Soviet Army in the Azerbaijan SSR and illegally crossed the Soviet border into Iran. He was immediately arrested by the military authorities and imprisoned. He contacted the British Intelligence Service in August 1948 and offered information. He told an employee of the British Embassy about the airfields, weapons, and command personnel of the military units he served in the Soviet Union.

At the beginning of 1949, having arrived from Isfahan to Tehran, he contacted a British intelligence officer named Jarvis, who was working under the legal cover of a representative of a British company in Tehran. Golubev supplied him with information for money: the deployment, formation, and command personnel of the 103rd rifle cadet brigade, 84th naval brigade, 414th Georgian division, and 513th separate auto battalion, in which he served.

During one of the meetings with Jarvis in 1949, the British intelligence officer suggested that Golubev undergo special training in an English intelligence school for a later drop him into the Soviet Union. Golubev agreed to undergo intelligence training at an English school and then carry out intelligence missions on behalf of the British.

Shortly after this conversation with Jarvis, however, Golubev was arrested by the Iranian police for theft and sentenced to six months in prison. For this reason, his espionage relationship with Jarvis ended, and after leaving prison, he did not cooperate with British intelligence.

Through a translator at the American embassy, Golubev met American “diplomat” Ronald Otto Bollenbach. During 1946 and 1947, Bollenbach was the Assistant Air and Naval Attaché at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow. Golubev passed on information he knew about the location of military-industrial facilities on the territory of the Soviet Union, Soviet military units, their numerical strength, weapons, and the material situation of the population in the USSR.

Bollenbach offered him the chance to undergo espionage training at an American intelligence school. In August 1951, Golubev and three other agent trainees flew from Iran to West Germany.

After arriving in Munich, he was placed in a safe house on the city's outskirts. In the first half of September, he was taken to the intelligence school in Bad Woerishofen, Bavaria. On the instructions of Bollenbach and another American intelligence officer in Munich using the name "Vasily," Golubev was photographed and subjected to a medical examination. He then received a CIA preliminary clearance.

At the intelligence school, Golubev studied reconnaissance methods, radio communications, parachuting, firearms training, topography, the structure of various branches of the Soviet Army, photography, document forgery, and sabotage. The head of this school was Harold Fiedler, listed as a major in the U.S. Army. The teaching staff were all Americans except for one instructor.

In February 1951, Golubev went to Landsberg, where he received practical exercises on the explosion of rails, pipes, telephone poles, and other objects.

Golubev was sent to the United States for further reconnaissance training at the CIA's Domestic Operation Branch (DOB). While at a CIA safe house near Washington, D.C., under the guidance of CIA officer Mike Ogden, he studied topography, radio, and photography and trained in shooting using various types of weapons. He also studied the Soviet Primorsky Territory for future operations.

Under the guidance of Americans who called themselves "Rad," "Tony," and "Georges," Golubev went skiing, hunting, and mountaineering. At the same time, he was trained in making huts in the forest and maintaining fires in the snow.

Golubev was given the CIA cryptonym CACIOSO and was trained for nearly three months (from March 3, 1952, to May 23, 1952). He and Mike Ogden flew to Tokyo, Japan, for more training. There he met another American intelligence officer named “Bill,” who took Golubev by car to a safe house near Yokohama. During this time, Golubev daily went to the seashore, accompanied by the American trainers, and swam for three to four hours.

In the same safe house, he began to study the legend developed for him by American intelligence, connected with the upcoming transfer to Sakhalin. According to the legend, he was Alexander Mikhailovich Vorobyov, who was demobilized from the Soviet Army in 1948, after which he lived in Lviv, Dnepropetrovsk, Voroshilovgrad, Kizlyar, and the village Pravda on Sakhalin..